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Despite various efforts to decrease gender differences in organizations and the underrepresentation of females in management positions, progress is little. However, efforts can only be effective if the source of the problem is identified and understood. Thus, a considerable number of studies has been carried out in an attempt to understand which aspects facilitate the underrepresentation of females in management (e. g., Joshi, Son,& Roh, 2015; Niederle & Vesterlund, 2007; Eagly & Karau, 2002). Research has shown that the reason for the gender disparity in leading positions is twofold. First, individual differences in characteristics and behavior are compelling predictors of gender imbalance in organizations (Bass & Bass, 2009; Joshi & Roh, 2009; Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002; Mumford et al., 2000). Second, current research on gender inequality emphasized that some work contexts seem to be more vulnerable to this phenomenon (Joshi & Roh, 2009; Gardiner & Tiggemann, 1999). Although the topic is ubiquitous and has been widely discussed in various disciplines, research has often been conducted within the confines of laboratory settings, and field research neglected to systematically include the work context as an explanatory variable.
In order to shed new light on this issue, the work presented here investigated gender
differences in career-relevant psychological aspects and behaviors, depending on the
position and the female/male dominance of work environment. In a literature review, three constructs emerged that have not been systematically explored in the workplace as
potential indicators of gender differences in managers and non-managers. Therefore, cognitive reflection, confidence in one’s own skills, and deceptive behavior were investigated in three field studies, looking directly at females and males in leading and non-leading positions in female- and male-dominated fields.
Study 1a and 1b focused on the examination of the constructs within the private sector. Female and male managers and non-managers in multiple companies in Germany from the male-dominated manufacturing and the female-dominated service sector were surveyed. Results indicated a strong influence of business sectors on gender differences in self-image and work-related behavior. In order to cope with gender-incongruent work environments, males and females followed different strategies. In the female-dominated service sector, males coped with the incongruency by engaging in impression management by being overconfident as well as using self-enhancement by deceiving. In contrast to males, females only engaged in self-enhancement by deceiving in the male-dominated manufacturing sector. Both strategies were used to appear in a more positive light and to cope with the gender-incongruent workplace. Study 2 examined the three constructs in the government sector, more specifically, in female and male politicians from Germany’s national and its sixteen state parliaments and civil servants. In contrast to the private sector, males and females did neither use self-enhancement nor impression management strategies. This finding was surprising as the underrepresentation of females is an issue in both, business and politics.
Overall, the findings of the present work on cognitive reflection, confidence and deception shed new light on gender differences as overconfidence and deception functioned as impression management and self-enhancement strategies for males and females to manage the demands of female- and male-dominated industries. In contrast, this does not apply for politics where those strategies were not used. Moreover, the results suggest that the investigation of female- and male-dominated environments is crucial to explain the behavior of females and males and truly provides a better understanding of gender
differences at work.
Technology entrepreneurship is on the rise around the world. In the quest for change, comparative advantage, innovation creation and socioeconomic progress, a turn to entrepreneurial solutions to persistent developmental challenges has provided a powerful and captivating alternative to past solution approaches. As a consequence, innovation clusters have mushroomed, and an enthusiasm for entrepreneurial activity has caught the attention of many in localities as diverse as Kenya’s Silicon Savannah, Nigeria’s Yabacoon Valley, South Africa’s Silicon Cape, Chile’s Chilecon Valley and Germany’s Silicon Allee, to mention just a few. Yet despite this new, vibrant entrepreneurial activity that continuous to nourish a global wave of excitement, we know little about how technology entrepreneurship is actually performed in these disparate places. This doctoral thesis sought to fill this gap by taking a look “behind the scenes” of one of the most prominent innovation clusters in Africa — Kenya’s information and communications technology (ICT) sector. In this empirical setting, industry participants were in the midst of actively negotiating and rationalizing how technology entrepreneurship needs to work to make it a success, to unlock the benefits of a knowledge economy for Kenya and to carve out a space in the global innovation landscape for innovations made in Africa. Three interconnected academic papers form the core of this thesis. The first paper provides a detailed illustration of the local and global prescriptions that influence entrepreneurial action in Kenya’s ICT sector and inspired the conceptualization of a dynamic process model of globalization. The second paper offers a fine-grained view into the work realities of Kenyans and the generation of the multidimensional work portfolios across which workers diversify their activities to achieve economic survival, create wealth and exert agency for change. The third paper is a theoretical piece that theorizes the process of nonnative organizational forms diffusing and becoming adopted in new organizational environments. All in all, the thesis can be seen as an attempt to study the complexities that reign in African economies through an organizational lens and thus to foster a global organizational scholarship research agenda and discourse that can be of benefit to the many rather than just the few.
Being a next generation member in an enterprising family is accompanied by a central question: What is my role within the enterprising family and why? Taking a unified systems perspective, this dissertation thesis focuses on the next generation in enterprising families and their entrepreneurial roles within the orchestration of three elements: the individual, the family and the business. Taking into account that those three elements constantly influence each other and change over time, this dissertation thesis introduces a more holistic understanding of the next generation in enterprising families. Using a multiple-role approach conceding that the next generation can have more roles within the enterprising family next to being the successor, this dissertation thesis encompasses three studies on overall 413 next generation members focusing on their entrepreneurial roles within the family business and new venture context. This dissertation thesis uses different methodological (quantitative and qualitative) and theoretical approaches (family, social cognition and organizational behavior science) to address the limited knowledge about the different roles of the next generation within the enterprising family. Study 1 focuses on the family business versus new venture context and aims at understanding how the intentions and actions of entrepreneurial roles of the next generation emerge and develop over
time. Study 2 investigates the entrepreneurial roles of the next generation within the family
business and how it shapes their strategic decision making within this context. Study 3
researches the role of the next generation as a founder of an own venture, and how the
enterprising family shapes the venture creation process. By that, this dissertation thesis
contributes to: (1) obtaining a better understanding of the family side in entrepreneurship, which becomes especially well-observable from the (to date) under-researched perspective of the next generation in enterprising families, (2) creating a common understanding that the next generation can have entrepreneurial roles within the enterprising family beyond being the successor in the family business, which offers the opportunity to understand how
entrepreneurial behavior develops within life stages and life cycles of a family and how
entrepreneurship is transferred through generations, (3) emphasizing the relevance of the next generation within the family as well as the business side in investigating the potential
entrepreneurial capacity of enterprising families and their business initiatives contributing to theory building on enterprising families, and (4) providing further research aspirations
concerning the next generation and their roles in enterprising families, including ideas for future research on how to assess the entrepreneurial roles of the next generation within the enterprising family.
Globalization is altering the international economic environment. To remain competitive and
gain future competitive advantage, corporations need to operate successfully in an
international context. Exploiting the potential offered by the increasingly global economy
requires the effective capture of markets. Although the world economy is becoming
globalized, some international markets continue to have high entry barriers and are thus
closing themselves off to foreign companies. These barriers impede access to these markets
and thus hamper corporations from adequately exploiting them. However, corporations
should by no means allow these markets to lie fallow since this would deprive them of the
possibility to participate in prospective growth markets. Corporations must consequently
promote adequate internationalization and engage in market exploitation strategies to remain
successful in an internationally competitive environment.
It is the aim of this research to support corporations within the processes of
internationalization and market exploitation. Therefore, the research explicitly focuses on
developing an encompassing model that supports corporations in identifying markets, which,
in order to be exploited effectively, require local production activities. Typically, this entails
markets that show foreclosure tendencies. A decision-making process model for corporations’
internationalization and market exploitation strategies structured in different phases is
developed, and relevant influencing factors are compiled and assigned to the appropriate
phases. The process model, which aims to enable corporations to follow a structured
internationalization and market exploitation approach by analyzing the most decisive
influencing factors at respective process phases, is thereby targeted at empowering
corporations to adequately exploit the potential the globalizing world economy offers. The aim
of this research is thus to develop a comprehensive decision-making process model to effectively support corporations during the process of internationalization.
To further strengthen European integration much can be done and is actually needed. The present work provides a wide range of empirical results and corresponding policy recommendations from the perspective of economics. The collection of articles here provides a clear illustration that there is a lot of potential to amend the architecture of the European Union and the euro area, respectively. It is well understood that the process of European integration is a continuous process which requires adjustments from time to time. This thesis provides results which indicate that very specific measures, such as facilitating a catch-up in terms of institutional quality by central and eastern European countries, would be beneficial for the process of European integration. This is in line with the general claim that institutional harmonization has to be enhanced.
It is shown that within the more narrow framework of the euro area measures to enhance the functioning of the single currency are needed as well. In sum, this implies a strong need for policy measures in response to the recent developments of European integration. Moreover, it is demonstrated that common rules have to be equally binding for all countries. In fact, a number of necessary policy measures are already being implemented, for example the implementation of Basel III. With respect to implementation, results of this thesis imply that such measures have to be implemented carefully. Policy makers have to take into account country-specific characteristics when implementing one-fits-all policy measures. Nonetheless, the uniform European rules are not questioned here.
In addition to the results and corresponding policy recommendations, the bulk of the research done here also contributes methodologically to economics. The increasing availability of micro-data is used to address macroeconomic questions and derive corresponding macroeconomic results and implications. Future research in economics will most likely make more and more use of such data.
Vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels, dessen Auswirkungen von Jahr zu Jahr deutlicher zu spüren sind, nimmt die Relevanz des nachhaltigen Handelns in unserer Gesellschaft merklich zu (Seifi et al.2012). Die Einführung einer sogenannten „Green Economy“, um dem Klimawandel entgegenwirken zu können, gewinnt daher zunehmend an Bedeutung (BMBF 2014). Dennoch lassen sich zahlreiche Hürden beim Versuch erkennen, zukünftige Generationen vor den Auswirkungen des aktuellen Umweltverhaltens zu schützen. Auf der einen Seite sind die Produktion und der Konsum von Gütern und Dienstleistungen wichtige Treiber des wirtschaftlichen Wohlstandes (Belz 2005). Die Produktion dieser Güter ist jedoch abhängig von der Natur und dem ökologischen Kreislauf und kann daher auf der anderen Seite gleichzeitig zu sozialen und umweltbezogenen Problemen führen (Nölting 2010, Belz 2005). Zwar gibt es bereits einige Fortschritte und Initiativen für eine nachhaltige Produktion sowie einen nachhaltigen Konsum wie zum Beispiel erneuerbare Energien, Gemeinschaftskonsum oder geltende Umweltstandards, die Entwicklung eines nachhaltigen Konsumverhaltens steht jedoch noch am Anfang (World Economic Forum 2012, Grunwald und Kopfmüller 2006). Die Herausforderungen bezogen auf das Konsumentenverhalten beim Erwerb von nachhaltigen Produkten wurde bisher hauptsächlich aus der Sicht der Konsumenten betrachtet und analysiert. Dazu wurden die Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Determinanten auf die Kaufabsicht und das Kaufverhalten untersucht. Eine Betrachtung der aktuellen Herausforderungen aus Sicht der Unternehmen und eine Gegenüberstellung der Sichtweise der Konsumenten und der der Unternehmen fehlten hingegen bisher in den wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Die vorliegende Thesis betrachtet daher beide Sichtweisen, die zusammen die sogenannte ‚Zielgruppenperspektive‘ innerhalb dieser Arbeit bilden. Neben der Zielgruppenperspektive beinhaltet die vorliegende Thesis die sogenannte ‚Branchenperspektive‘. Da Nachhaltigkeit ein weitumfassendes Thema ist, werden in dieser Arbeit die Branchenschwerpunkte ‚Bio-Lebensmittel‘ und ‚Nachhaltige Mode‘ als Nachhaltigkeitsbeispiele untersucht. Bezogen auf die aktuellen Herausforderungen des nachhaltigen Konsums der vorliegenden Thesis wird das übergeordnete Ziel angestrebt, neue Ansatzpunkte zur Steigerung und Verbesserung des nachhaltigen Handels für Konsumenten und Unternehmen zu identifizieren.
With the ripple effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 exhibiting enduring rifts in the global economy to date, an assessment of the crisis as being rooted in both market and regulatory failure sheds light on the significance and the severity of the challenges cross-border financial capitalism presents nation states with in the wake of globalization. As externalities increase, the threats the unprecedented interdependence and instability of the modern financial system pose are unlikely to recede; on the contrary, they are bound to
become more pressing. This is of considerable significance for financial governance, implying that sovereign nation states – formally legitimized to conduct regulatory functions – must construct robust cross-border structures to cope with the challenges of governing an inherently crisis-prone system.
In an attempt to address the underlying shortcomings exposed by the crisis – among them that the regulatory and supervisory architecture was not commensurate with the complexity and sophistication of financial markets – the European Union embarked on an ambitious reform path. The potential capacity of European integration in this regard, though central in the academic debate, has yet to be analyzed systematically with respect to systemic risk in terms of both its systemic qualities and political embeddedness. Drawing on a refined definition thereof set out by Willke et al. (2013), this research aims to shed light on how these themes resonate in the European context to inform the critical analysis of
conducted reforms. Based on the assumption that cross-border finance requires integrated governance schemes to ensure its integrity and efficacy, the central goals are to (i) assess both systemic-risk related reform measures and the challenges they are confronted with, and (ii) illuminate the significance of reform, while underpinning the case for enhanced integration.
Drawing on a broad theoretical framework combining insights from various EU integration theories to trace the rationale and assess the potential and significance of supranational integration, and constructing an analytical framework within which to assess the order-, legitimacy- and expertise-related challenges current structures are confronted with, i.e. factors inhibiting governance capacity, the research concludes that though substantive reforms have largely failed to address the core systemic issues exposed by the crisis, there has indeed been substantial progress in terms of the reform of the institutional governance
architecture at the European level. While monumental challenges remain, it would be premature to discredit the response in its entirety. The analysis highlights the European Union’s remarkable capacity to adjust, with institutional responses essentially at the boundaries of legal and political feasibility. Given what is at stake, however, it contends that – with a view to future challenges – supranational governance regimes remain short of optimal scope and must be strengthened to forestall the gradual erosion of governance capacity vis-à-vis an increasingly interdependent and fragile financial system.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, inwieweit die Organisationskultur Einfluss auf die Externalisierung impliziten Wissens hat. In einem ersten Schritt wird eine Definition des Begriffes Wissen im wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Kontext vorgenommen. Weiterhin wird der Stellenwert, den Wissensmanagement in Organisationen hat, umrissen. Es werden die bekanntesten Wissensmanagement-Modelle für Organisationen vorgestellt.
Anhand des Organisationskulturmodells von Edgar Schein wird ein Untersuchungsleitfaden erstellt, der die Aspekte Artefakte, kommunizierte Organisationswerte und darunter liegende Basisannahmen miteinbezieht. Für die Untersuchung wird eine qualitative Fallstudienvorgehensweise gewählt. Ein teilstrukturierter Interviewleitfaden gewährleistet eine sowohl deduktive als auch induktive Theoriengenerierung.
Für die Arbeit werden vier verschiedene Organisationen untersucht. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf den individuellen Fallstudien. Ein direkter Vergleich zwischen den Organisationen ist nur bedingt möglich, da die Organisationen sehr unterschiedliche Geschäftsmodelle und Branchen- und Marktausrichtungen aufweisen.
Der Schwerpunkt der einzelnen Fallstudien liegt in der Herausarbeitung der jeweiligen vorhandenen Organisationskulturelemente und ihres Einflusses auf die Externalisierung impliziten Wissens. Für alle vier Organisationen werden Empfehlungen erstellt.
Alle vier Organisationen werden zusätzlich in vier theoretischen Organisationskulturmodellen verortet. Dabei werden jeweils die Einflüsse der Aspekte der vier unterschiedlichen Kulturmodelle auf die Externalisierung von Erfahrungswissen diskutiert.
Erste Schlüsse, welche Elemente der Organisationskultur die Externalisierung fördern oder behindern können, werden vorgestellt. Ein Ausblick über den zukünftigen Stellenwert von implizitem Wissen für Organisationen bildet den Abschluss der Arbeit.
Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert eine erste empirische Untersuchung zum Einsatz digitaler Medien in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Fahrlehrern und zeigt anhand einer Fallstudie zur internetgestützten Videoreflexion auf, welche Chancen, aber auch Hürden hier bestehen.
Die Hauptaufgabe von Fahrlehrern ist es, Fahrschüler zu sicheren, verantwortungsvollen und umweltbewussten Verkehrsteilnehmern auszubilden. Dafür benötigen Fahrlehrer Lehrkompetenz, die sie bereits in ihrer Ausbildung erwerben sollten. Jedoch fehlen in der Fahrlehrerausbildung bislang bewährte, standardisierte Methoden der Lehrkompetenzförderung. Aus dem Kontext der Lehrerbildung ist bekannt, dass die Reflexion eigener und fremder Unterrichtsvideos eine gute Methode darstellt, die Lehrkompetenz (angehender) Lehrpersonen zu fördern. Digitale Medien ermöglichen eine schnelle und einfache Bereitstellung der Unterrichtsaufnahmen über Online-Plattform sowie eine internetgestützte Videoreflexion mittels Videoannotation. Die Implementation solcher moderner Ansätze gestaltet sich in der Praxis jedoch oft schwierig: Innerhalb einer Einrichtung müssen unterschiedliche Dimensionen, Ebenen und Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigt werden, um eine nachhaltige Implementation einer Innovation zu ermöglichen. Gerade in der Fahrlehrerausbildung stellt dies eine Herausforderung dar, weil bislang keine empirischen Erkenntnisse zum Einsatz digitaler Medien in diesem Kontext vorliegen.
Vor diesem theoretisch erarbeiteten Hintergrund wird im empirischen Teil der Dissertation anhand einer qualitativen Fallstudie mit vier Fällen aus drei Ländern die Implementation der internetgestützten Videoreflexion in der Fahrlehrerausbildung untersucht. Es wird betrachtet, inwiefern sich das Konzept zum Einsatz der internetgestützten Videoreflexion in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Fahrlehrern implementieren lässt und welcher individuelle sowie organisationale Mehrwert daraus entsteht.
Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudie zeigen, dass in keinem der vier untersuchten Fälle die internetgestützte Videoreflexion nachhaltig in die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Fahrlehrern implementiert wurde, obwohl alle Beteiligten einen Mehrwert in der Videoarbeit sehen. In der Praxis zeigten sich unterschiedliche Schwierigkeiten und Hürden: Oftmals gab es keine klare Struktur der Einsatzkonzepte und keine feste Integration der Videoarbeit in den Lehrplan der Ausbildung. Darüber hinaus hat keine der beteiligten Einrichtungen ein ökonomisches Modell entwickelt und ihre Strukturen und Rahmenbedingungen dauerhaft so verändert, dass eine nachhaltige Implementation der internetgestützten Videoreflexion in die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Fahrlehrern möglich wäre. Letztendlich stellt die Struktur der Fahrlehrerausbildung eine Hürde dar: Die gesetzlichen Vorgaben lassen kaum Spielraum, neue Angebote in die Ausbildung zu integrieren, gerade wenn es um virtuelle Elemente geht.
The goal of the research presented in this dissertation is to analyze decision-making processes in different mindsets, specifically their impact on economic risk-taking behavior, and to find out whether they can support better performance and outcomes. This is a major concern of motivation research in general: understanding the reasoning mechanisms that determine actions and using that knowledge to promote healthy and rational behavior. In the present work, this goal related to a specific set of behaviors, that is, decisions under risk and in an economic context. A key strategy to improve outcomes in this field is to increase rational choices. More than that, however, this work also focuses on decision processes that forego rational or irrational behavior, to better understand the nature of mindset effects. Thus, it is not only relevant how individuals decide, but also how they arrive at that decision. To that end, risk-taking situations were examined with repeated measurements, different levels of difficulty, and different incentives. To explain mindset effects and their overall implications for risk taking, achievement motivation, learning processes, and different strategies of goal pursuit are discussed. All in all, the goal of this work is to provide new insights into risk-taking behavior and decision processes in economic contexts, as they are influenced by different states of mind. In addition, possible measures to help increase rationality in risky situations are outlined to provide some practical applications for the findings of this work. For some, the suggestion of the “improvement” of decisions through manipulations of individuals’ states of mind may have an Orwellian ring to it. On the contrary, however, the present research will hopefully increase knowledge about naturally occurring, everyday mindsets and their impact on human perception and behavior, in order to enable or train people to make a targeted use of their mindsets and reach their desired goals.
Familienunternehmen stellen weltweit die am häufigsten vorkommende Unternehmensart dar. Führung, Finanzierung und strategischen Ausrichtung spielen in vielen dieser Unternehmen nicht nur ökonomische, sondern auch familienbezogene Aspekte eine wichtige Rolle. Hieraus begründet sich, dass die Aufrechterhaltung der Kontrolle und somit die Steuerung des Familienunternehmens neben der wirtschaftlichen Nutzung für einen Familienverbund eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Wie jedoch auch in anderen Unternehmen, kann es in einem Familienunternehmen durch falsches Management, Krisenzeiten oder Finanzierungsprobleme zu Situationen kommen, in denen es der Familie nicht möglich ist, das Familienunternehmen ohne externe Unterstützung zu führen und zu kontrollieren. Gerät ein Familienunternehmen durch wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten in eine Situation, in der die Aufrechterhaltung der vollen Kontrolle über das eigene Unternehmen nicht mehr realisierbar ist, können für die Familie der Verkauf des Unternehmens oder die Unterstützung eines externen Eigenkapitalgebers infrage kommen. Der Wunsch, das Unternehmen über Generationen hinweg in Händen der Familie zu bewahren, scheitert oft an dem bloßen Mangel an (willigen) familieninternen Nachfolgern. Auch aus dieser Notsituation heraus kann es sich ergeben, dass der Ausstieg aus dem Familienunternehmen infrage kommt. Der Verkauf oder die Hereinnahme von Eigenkapital kann in diesen Fällen an bzw. durch einen strategischen Investor erfolgen. Möglich ist jedoch auch, einen Private Equity-Investor in das Familienunternehmen aufzunehmen.
Auf den ersten Blick haben Familienunternehmen, die in der Regel gegenüber Stakeholdern altruistisch geführt sind, und hochprofessionalisierte Private Equity-Gesellschaften oft wenig gemeinsam. Umso interessanter ist somit die Frage, welche Motive ein Private Equity-Investor verfolgt, wenn er sich an einem Familienunternehmen beteiligt oder es sogar vollständig erwirbt. Zugleich stellt sich in diesem Zusammenhang die Frage, welchen Einfluss ein institutioneller Investor auf das frühere Familienunternehmen ausübt und welche Veränderungen in einem Zielunternehmen aufgrund des –teilweise vollständigen– Wegfalls des Familieneinflusses eintreten. In diesem Zusammenhang ist insbesondere die Frage interessant, ob die Abnahme des Familieneinflusses negative Folgen für das Unternehmen hat, ob also geschlussfolgert werden kann, dass ein Unternehmen, das sich in Händen von Unternehmerfamilien befindet, effizienter wirtschaftet, oder ob das genaue Gegenteil der Fall ist. Hierdurch lassen sich zum einen Aussagen darüber treffen, welche Verbesserungspotentiale in einem Familienunternehmen bestehen, die durch einen professionellen, renditeorientierten Investor ausgenutzt werden, aber auch, welchen Mehrwert Familien in einem Unternehmen möglicherweise generieren.
Durch eine Betrachtung verschiedener Gruppen von Familienunternehmen, die sich auf Grundlage der operativen und finanziellen Situation des Zielunternehmens ergeben, sowie durch Betrachtung verschiedener Vorgehensweisen des Investors im Zuge des Buyouts, kann zudem untersucht werden, welche unterschiedlichen Motive und Auswirkungen sich aus diesen Faktoren für den Private Equity-Investor und das Familienunternehmen ergeben. Untersucht werden sowohl die Motive als auch die Entwicklungen der Zielunternehmen nach dem Buyout anhand eines hand-gesammelten Datensatzes, bestehend aus Familienunternehmen, die in den Jahren von 2000 bis 2009 einen Buyout durch einen Private Equity-Investor durchlaufen haben. Hierbei werden sowohl gesamte Jahresabschlüsse als auch Informationen zu der Zusammensetzung des Gesellschafterkreises, des Managements und eines eventuell bestehenden Kontrollgremiums zur Analyse herangezogen. Auf Grundlage dieser Daten ergibt sich ein klares Bild darüber, in welche Arten von Familienunternehmen Private Equity-Gesellschaften in Deutschland investieren und welche Auswirkungen die Buyouts auf die Zielunternehmen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen haben. Abschließend wird die Frage geklärt, welche Faktoren aus Sicht des Investors dafür entscheidend sind, dass die Transaktion erfolgreich verläuft. In Bezug auf die Investitionen von Private Equity-Gesellschaften werden in der Literatur aufgrund der deutlich höheren Verfügbarkeit vornehmlich Public-to-Private-Transaktionen analysiert und anhand dieser Theorien der Einfluss und die Motivlage von Private Equity-Gesellschaften untersucht. Diese Art der Transaktion macht im Bereich Private Equity jedoch nur einen sehr geringen Teil aus. Die Motivlage und die Auswirkungen des Investments in ein Familienunternehmen wurden aufgrund der hohen Verschwiegenheit dieses Unternehmenstyps und daraus folgenden geringen Verfügbarkeit an empirisch auswertbaren Daten bisher nicht untersucht. Diese Forschungslücke soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit mithilfe empirischer Analysen der Ziel-Familienunternehmen geschlossen werden.
This dissertation is dedicated to extending scholarly understanding of organizational transformation in the context of disruptive change. For this purpose, three independent studies explore both organizational- and individual-level aspects of organizational transformation. In doing so, this dissertation integrates two literature streams – disruptive innovation theory and organizational identity. Study 1 lays the ground by providing a descriptive, thematic analysis of organizational transformation induced by digital innovations and technologies. The paper systematically reviews 58 articles to critically assesses where, how and by whom research on digital transformation is conducted and how it unfolds at the organizational level. Studies 2 and 3 are located at the intersection of disruptive innovation adoption and organizational identity in the context of incumbent firms. Both studies apply an inductive, field-based single case design and primarily build on qualitative data gathered from 39 (Study 2) and 35 (Study 3) semistructured personal interviews at a major German car manufacturer. Study 2 examines how organizational identity change unfolds in an incumbent attempting to adopt multiple different disruptions at the same time, while Study 3 moves more towards the individual-level and attempts to understand how and why organizational members respond heterogeneously to disruption. Overall, this dissertation contributes in the following ways: (1) Studies 1 and 2 extend the conceptual- and organizational-level knowledge of disruptive innovation adoption during organizational transformation. In particular, Study 2 shows that different drivers of identity-induced organizational transformation become observable, dependent on the nature of a disruption, (2) Studies 2 and 3 extend the individual-level knowledge of organizational member’s attitudes and behavior during identity-threatening organizational transformation. For this purpose, Study 3 develops a typology which gives evidence for the existence of three types of member’s sensitivities and shows that identity and knowledge function as cognitive frames of reference to interpret change, whereas culture is seen as a contextual factor to support the transformation of identity and knowledge.
People face economic decisions on a daily basis. Quite often, these decisions involve high stakes and some degree of personal risk, as choices produce real consequences that set the course for future actions. Although decades of decision research in the intersection of psychology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience have much advanced our knowledge about the psychological underpinnings of economic decisions, several academic disputes remain unsettled. Indeed, surprisingly little is known about the role of motivation and volition in guiding economic decisions. Certainly, people’s motives, goals, and their expectations of attractive rewards are important drivers of decision making. Yet, motivation and volition cannot be reduced to goals and incentives. The cognitive mechanisms underlying economic decisions are rather complex, and motivation and volition may impact decisions at the level of these cognitive processes.
This dissertation considers the role of motivation and volition in economic decisions by examining the impact of experimentally induced motivational and volitional states of mind on economic choices and decision processes. Using different methods and decision making paradigms, four experiments provide novel evidence that informs the ongoing debates in motivation research, decision science, and psychophysiology. In short, Experiments 1a and 1b explore the possibility of interactive effects between motivation, volition, and financial incentives in determining economic performance. Moving on to the level of decision processes, Experiment 2 examines the impact of motivation and volition on decision processes under risk. Decision times, eye movements, and pupil dilations provide process measures of cognitive effort, pre-decisional information search, and affective arousal, respectively. Finally, Experiment 3 investigates how particular decision attributes relate to affective and motivational processes in decisions under risk.
The findings of the present dissertation can be summarized in terms of four main conclusions. First, incentives are effective for improving economic performance when the payment of attractive monetary rewards is contingent on performance. Yet, higher incentives do not further improve performance. Second, the experimental manipulation of motivational and volitional mindsets does not directly affect choices, but notably impacts decision processes. Third, the influence of motivation and volition on economic decisions appears to depend on the appropriate incentivization of the task at hand. Fourth, risky choice attributes that entail no gain at all, i.e., zero-outcomes, elicit high levels of affective arousal and motivational avoidance tendencies that guide selective attention and decision making in the lottery choice paradigm. The implications of these findings are discussed for theory development in motivation research and decision science, as well as in terms of their practical implications for decision making in managerial contexts and other high-stakes decision environments.
According to dual-process models, human behavior is the result of an interaction between automatic and controlled processes. Although automatic processes often lead to positive results, they can also lead to severely negative consequences. The current dissertation investigated via 4 studies the effect of self-control depletion, mindsets, framing, and preference for consistency on the usage of automatic processes in decision tasks where heuristics (e.g., reinforcement heuristic) can either conflict or be aligned with Bayesian updating. In particular, Study 1 hypothesized that when a reinforcement heuristic opposed Bayesian updating, ego-depletion would influence the reliance on automatic processes. Three sub-studies (1a, 1b and 1c) were conducted using different depletion manipulations plus controls. Although the manipulation checks indicated successful ego-depletion induction, only Study 1a found the predicted effect. It seems that the ego depletion effects in complex decision-making tasks are less robust than previously reported in the literature.
Cross-sectoral hybridization as a strategy to turn institutional voids into opportunity spaces
(2017)
Organizations that aim at delivering essential goods and services to low-income populations a the base of the pyramid increasingly blend the social welfare and the commercial logics in an effort to create financially sustainable solutions to social problems. Scholars have portrayed these cross-sectoral hybrid organizations as particularly agentic and resilient in institutionally complex settings, highlighting their ability to turn institutional voids into opportunity spaces. At the same time, the reconciliation of two antagonistic goals, namely poverty alleviation and financial value creation, as well as the multiple institutional voids that hybrid organizations face at the base of the pyramid (BoP) expose them to severe tensions. By investigating eight hybrid organizations in four countries, namely Colombia, Mexico, Kenya and South Africa, the present study contributes to a better understanding of cross-sectoral hybrid organizations in BoP settings in two ways. First, it shows that hybrid organizations not only face tensions between sector logics, but also between formal and informal, as well as between “Western-style” and “local style” strategic action fields. In settings which do not effectively provide guidance on the prioritization of social vs. financial objectives, these institutional voids manifest as tensions over goals and tensions over means in hybrid organizations.
Second, the study sheds light on how field-level dynamics influence the ability of hybrid organizations to strategically employ factors that spur legitimacy advantages in an effort to turn institutional voids into opportunity spaces. Two different scenarios have been identified. One scenario refers to Colombia, Mexico and Kenya, which have been classified as fields that don’t effectively enforce a dominant sector logic concerning the legitimate way that health services should be provided to low-income populations. The present study has shown that in such fields, an organization’s logic of origin as well as the personal background of founders are factors that may spur legitimacy advantages in hybrid organizations. In effect, organizations which strategically employ these factors can select more freely from competing logics and ultimately overcome the prevailing tensions. This resonates with previous research, which has suggested that in fields with a dominant logic, hybrid organizations may take advantage of legitimacy advantages if their logic of origin corresponds to the dominant logic at the field level (Pache and Santos, 2012). However, the present study suggests that the factors leading to legitimacy advantages are more complex in fields with no effective dominant logic regarding social service provision. Here, the dominant logics among funding organizations, possible legitimacy spill-over effects from other market players, as well as the specifications of the commercial and the social welfare logics become important sources of possible legitimacy advantages. However, the study suggests that an organization’s ability to employ them strategically is dependent on their time of founding and their size.
In addition to these findings, the study also provides insights on cross-sectoral hybridization in fields with a weakly enforced dominant logic, which is the second scenario that has been identified in South Africa. In particular, the study suggests that in such settings, hybrid organizations are more restricted to freely draw from competing logics, given that they face effective, normative imperatives about the goals they should pursue. However, the empirical investigation also indicates that an organization’s resource dependence structure is more influential than the encountered normative claims of audiences in health fields at the BoP. Further research is needed to refine these insights and explore cross-sectoral hybridization in social service provision fields in contexts of a weakly enforced dominant logic.
Based on these findings, the author derives a range of practical recommendations that may themselves be interpreted as paradoxical. As the empirical study suggests, blended value creating hybrid organizations in Colombia, Mexico and Kenya currently face legitimacy
advantages when originating from a commercial origin. The researcher is thus, on the one hand, inclined to recommend them to position themselves as commercially oriented organizations as to take advantage of the legitimacy advantages that the commercial logic currently entails. On the other hand, she cautions actors in the field of blended value creation, particularly funding entities, not to neglect the actual role of nonprofit organizations. The establishment of (health) markets that provide low-income populations in developing and emerging economies with affordable, high-quality products and services is likely to require significant unprofitable efforts. Finally, hybrid organizations in South Africa need to be more careful when adopting structures or practices from the commercial logic given the low legitimacy that this logic has in the health market at the BoP. There, organizations need to thoroughly analyze the institutional claims in the specific context of post-Apartheid South Africa.
Die Digitalisierung schreitet voran und verändert unsere Welt. Sie bietet unzählige neue Chancen und Möglichkeiten aber sicherlich genauso viele Risiken und Herausforderungen. In Bezug auf Unternehmen sind diese Chancen und Risiken der Digitalisierung jedoch sehr ungleich zwischen kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) und Großkonzernen zu Ungunsten der KMU verteilt. Gleichzeitig besitzen KMU zudem diverse Nachteile im Bereich der Ressourcenausstattung im Vergleich zu Großkonzernen (Demary u. a. 2016). In Deutschland ist diese Tatsache deswegen von immenser Bedeutung, da mehr als 99% aller Unternehmen der Klasse der KMU angehören und fast zwei Drittel aller Erwerbstätigen innerhalb eines KMU beschäftigt sind (Statistisches Bundesamt 2016a). KMU sind somit zentral für die wirtschaftliche Prosperität Deutschlands.
Die Bundes- und Landesregierungen haben in diesem Zusammenhang beschlossen, die KMU bei der unternehmensinternen Digitalisierung zu unterstützen und nicht alleinig die Kräfte des freien Marktes über den Unternehmenserfolg entscheiden zu lassen.
Basierend auf dem Governancekonzept (Bevir 2011; Stoker 1998) bietet diese Arbeit dann Einblicke in die politischen Prozesse, Inhalte und die Resultate politischen Handelns (Anheier 2013) im Zusammenhang mit der unternehmensexternen Unterstützung der Digitalisierung in KMU.
Die Erkenntnisse basieren zum einen auf inhaltsanalytischen Auswertungen der digitalen Agenden Deutschlands (Bundeskanzleramt und Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft 2016), Baden-Württembergs (Ministerium für Inneres, Digitalisierung und Migration des Landes Baden-Württemberg 2017) und Bayerns (Bayrisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie 2015) sowie auf Primärdaten einer Online-Befragung von KMU in Baden-Württemberg und Bayern.
So kann gezeigt werden, dass an den digitalpolitischen Governanceinstrumenten der Bundes- und Landesregierungen neben staatlichen auch mannigfaltige nichtstaatliche Akteure beteiligt sind. Länderübergreifend lassen sich diese Governanceinstrumente den Bereichen Infrastruktur, Bildung, Ordnungs- und Rechtsrahmen, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft zuordnen, wobei die befragten KMU den Bereichen Infrastruktur und Ordnungs- und Rechtsrahmen eine herausgehobene Stellung in Bezug auf die Relevanz für ihr Unternehmen beimessen. In diesem Zusammenhang bewerten die KMU insbesondere den flächendeckenden Breitbandausbau sowie die Verbesserung der Cybersicherheit und Cyberabwehr als relevant für den Erfolg ihres Unternehmens.
Jedoch kann über clusteranalytische Verfahren auch gezeigt werden, dass teils erhebliche strukturelle Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Relevanzbewertung der Governancebereiche und Instrumente vorliegen.
Zudem kann diese Arbeit auf Basis einer theoretisch, interdisziplinären Synthese politik- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Theoriestränge unter dem Dach des Governancekonzeptes und anschließender Verwendung regressionsanalytischer Verfahren einen ersten Hinweis darauf geben, dass die Relevanzbewertung unternehmensexterner digitalpolitischer Governanceinstrumente innerhalb deutscher KMU teils maßgeblich von der Ausgestaltung der unternehmensinternen Wertschöpfungskette der Unternehmen abhängt.
Für diese Synthese ist auf politikwissenschaftlicher Seite die Governanceordnung nach Anheier (2013) maßgebend, wobei im Bereich der Wirtschaftswissenschaften auf die Transaktionkostentheorie (Coase 1937; Williamson 1975; Williamson 1985; Williamson 1996), den Resource-Based View (Barney 1991; Penrose 1959; Wernerfelt 1984), den Market-Based View (Porter 1979; Porter 1980; Porter 1985) sowie die Resource-Dependence Theory (Pfeffer und Salancik 1978; Pfeffer und Salancik 2003; Selznick 1949) zurückgegriffen wird.
This study was designed to answer the question of whether resource performance depends more on good governance or rather on effective institutional structures. The specific aim is to make clear the extent to which good governance and institutions promote small scale gold mining businesses, to explain empirically the nature of human rights challenges in the small-scale mining (SSM) industry from the perspective of mining mangers, to investigate the nature, determinants, and frequency of conflicts associated with SSM, and to discuss the challenges facing SSM operations and ways to confront them. The findings show that, in the context of efforts to spur economic development, the exploitation of mineral resources has the potential to bring about far-reaching environmental and social changes. These changes can create opportunities, but they also represent a business risk for corporations and a social risk for communities. There is as a consequence a pressing need to investigate recent threats to mineral resource exploration relating to economic development, peace and stability, and the survival of private businesses. These threats are particularly serious for less-developed countries that are net exporters of natural resources. Such countries could use these resources to drive economic development and decrease their dependence on aid from developed countries. In most of them, however, owing to a lack of strong institutions, mismanagement of mineral and other natural resources has fueled social conflict without producing meaningful development.
In addition, there is often the perception in countries such as Ghana, which is the subject of this study, that mining, whatever its benefits, is responsible for significant environmental damage and for Human Rights Adverse Impacts (HRAI), including child labor and exploitation, displacement of rural households, and violence. For these reasons, investment in the mining sector and associated businesses has often faced stiff resistance. Given the right governmental institutions, small-scale gold mining and associated activities can prove beneficial to and be accepted by a society and can attract further investment; under the wrong circumstances, this type of mining can impact society negatively. At the very least, when SSM is poorly managed, the anticipated benefits to the business community and the broader society are unlikely to materialize. The evidence from large-scale mining, particularly in the wake of Ghana’s civil war, indicates a correlation between mineral resources and conflict. Less is known about the nature, frequency, and causes of conflicts that afflict households in Ghana’s artisanal mining communities. There is accordingly a need for research into ways to prevent human rights violations and to create share value in the SSM sector through social development and renewed incentives for investment in it.
This thesis represents an attempt to fill this need by exploring whether the capacity of resources—in this case, gold mining—to spur economic development—here, by creating competitive SSM businesses, improving livelihoods, or reducing poverty—depends on governance structures and whether there is a correlation between SSM and conflict outside the context of civil war.
This thesis is informed by three broad insights. The first concerns the challenges facing the SSM activities that play a vital role in the Ghanaian economy. Second, there is the importance of the role played by institutions in the development of SSM amid renewed attraction of investment in the sector. Third, changing social expectations are a crucial aspect sustainable mining and the protection of human rights.
Employees of public sector organizations serve as the backbone of democratic societies, making decisions that shape how and for whom vital public services are delivered. Public employees influence the realization of political goals and provide basic public goods as well as critical infrastructure. They are of high societal relevance as they represent the “human face of the state” and should incorporate public values to enable, serve, and protect the democratic system and the rule of law. According to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 16, effective public institutions must pay attention to employees as their most critical resource.
The public sector––the largest or among the largest employers in most countries––faces a looming human resource crisis. Public employers face the need to replace a wave of baby boomers retiring and a decline in the number of people interested in working in the public sector. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the shortage of professionals and leaders in the example of critical infrastructure such as public health authorities, hospitals, and social services.
As a major field of research and practice, public human resource management (HRM) aims to understand these challenges and develop adequate coping strategies. However, the field faces relevant research gaps. Among other factors, the current scientific understanding is limited regarding the role of differences amongst organizational types in the public sector. Although previous research indicates the role of organizational goals and publicness dimensions for human resource practices in general, there is a lack of understanding to what extent the effects of motivation and pay dispersion differ, for example, between public administrations and state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
The goal of this dissertation is to enhance the theoretical understanding of the role of motivation and pay dispersion for performance and recruitment focusing on differences amongst organizational types in the public sector, to derive theoretical perspectives on an integrated steering of human resources of public administration and SOEs.
Overall, this dissertation highlights three contributions of the four included articles. First, it shows the important conceptual role of SOEs as research objects and offers approaches to further integrate SOEs as research objects in public HRM, taking into account the different institutional arrangements of public service provision, as organizational goals and publicness can be crucial and insightful determinants for motivation and pay dispersion. Second, the presented work offers new theoretical approaches and field-experimental insights for the under-researched public sector recruitment literature. Third, it derives theoretical perspectives on an integrated steering of human resources of public administration and SOEs as well as implications for future research on motivation and pay dispersion as major factors for performance and recruitment in public sector organizations.
This thesis is an investigation into the climate change discourse in the German networked public sphere with a focus on the climate skeptic counterpublic. It focuses in particular on the hypothesis that a polarizing discourse might lead to a fragmentation of the public sphere and the formation of echo chambers. This overarching research question of this thesis, then, asks how the climate skeptic counterpublic can potentially be integrated in the German networked public sphere and to what extent. The climate change discourse in Germany serves as a suitable example since it is heavily polarized with the mainstream being convinced that dangerous anthropogenic climate change is happening while the skeptic minority rejects the idea of a global warming and / or mankind’s responsibility. In order to understand the possible integration of the skeptic counterpublic in the networked public sphere, three studies were conducted based on the integration dimensions of similarity of discourse, connectivity and collective identity.
In the first study, the German-language climate networked public sphere was mapped with a hyperlink network analysis of over 10,000 climate websites. The results show a highly polarized, almost unconnected discourse and suggest that climate skeptics could even be considered to form an echo chamber in which only climate skeptic and antagonistic messages are being shared. The second study, then, identifies several skeptic frames in the German news medias’ reporting on COP17. However, it can be concluded that climate skeptic messages are barely being included in the media coverage thus showing that skeptics are also excluded in the mass media. In the third study, 10,262 online comments of ten comment sections (four news sites, two climate skeptic blogs, two climate activist blogs, two climate science blogs) were analyzed to look at if and how connected skeptics are on the different sites. The results show that skeptics are highly active in the comment sections and account for over 40 % of the relevant comments. It is further shown that even though there is discussion between mainstream and counterpublic, users from the mainstream react highly critical to skeptic messages.
In sum, this thesis shows that albeit the climate skeptic counterpublic is structurally only barely connected to the mainstream as well as excluded from the mass media, skeptics are very vocal and foster discussions over climate change and climate science. These discussions, even though characterized by the clash of two opposing beliefs, are a sign of integration and show that the fear of an echo chamber that is disconnected from other opinions and, indeed, society is premature.
The global economy has gained momentum in recent years, with advances in technology and digitalization leading to shorter product life cycles, increased competition, and transformed industries. These circumstances call for the need for constant innovation. Organizations are required to act and adapt quickly to technological changes, dynamic markets, competitive threats, and rapidly altering customer needs, without losing focus of their established business. Two notions are important for organizations in this setting: (1) reaching ambidexterity and (2) structuring the front-end of innovation.
Ambidextrous companies, which own the ability to balance between innovation activities that exploit current competencies (exploitation) and those that explore new competencies (exploration), are more successful than companies which concentrate on only one of these activities (Gibson & Birkinshaw, 2004; He & Wong, 2004; Jansen, Van Den Bosch, & Volberda, 2006; Katila & Ahuja, 2002; C. Kim, Song, & Nerkar, 2012). However, both exploration and exploitation require the allocation of resources, causing a trade-off, which makes it difficult to perform the combination of both (Greve, 2007; Levinthal & March, 1993). Previous research does not focus on how organizations can adapt their innovation activities in order to reach ambidexterity (Cantarello, Martini, & Nosella, 2012; Judge & Blocker, 2008; Z. Wei, Yi, & Guo, 2014).
Managing innovations poses an increasingly daunting task for organizations, demanding different requirements regarding the innovation management process. Managing innovation through a structured innovation process facilitates the creation and planning of innovation to transform ideas into marketable products. The first stage of this process – the front-end of innovation – is of significant meaning, since activities in the front-end of innovation are strongly linked to innovation success (Dwyer & Mellor, 1991; Markham, 2013; Moenart, De Meyer, Souder, & Deschoolmeester, 1995; Reid & de Brentani, 2004). The creation of value and competitive advantage takes primarily place in the front-end of innovation, and the actual costs of mismanagement can only be discovered at later stages (Markham, 2013; Reid & de Brentani, 2004; P. Smith & Reinertsen, 1991).
A concept to foster ambidexterity and structure the front-end of innovation described mainly by practitioners are so-called innovation fields (Cooper, Edgett, & Kleinschmidt, 2004; Crawford, 1980; Hambrick & Fredrickson, 2001; Khurana & Rosenthal, 1998; Reid & de Brentani, 2004; Talke, Salomo, & Rost, 2010).
Innovation fields establish guidelines that determine search strategy, scope, depth, and locus of innovation search by setting search boundaries. Literature describes different types of applications for innovation fields such as strategic purposes, ideation, lifting synergies, technology intelligence and portfolio extension. With innovation fields, organizations (1) can structure the front-end of innovation and align corporate objectives to innovation activities and (2) have an instrument at hand to facilitate the shift of resources and to prioritize innovation activities according to the balance between exploitation and exploration, thereby fostering ambidexterity.
However, research on innovation fields is scarce, thus, the objective of this dissertation is to examine how and why perceived contextual factors influence the intended application and perceived proficiency of innovation fields in the front-end of innovation.
The theoretical foundation is based on the theory of organizational learning. A research framework is derived from acknowledged literature, focusing on (1) strategic orientation, (2) organizational context and (3) external environment as main contextual factors influencing the intended application of innovation fields. An explorative research design is followed, composed of an embedded single case study design using a mixed-methods approach. As a case, a corporate R&D division of a Germany-based company is selected.
First, a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews is conducted, followed by a quantitative survey to get a more comprehensive picture of the role of perceived contextual factors influencing intended innovation field applications and proficiency.
Based on the underlying empirical research, distinct differences regarding perceived contextual factors and their influence on intended innovation field applications and proficiency have been identified. Notably, the perceived contextual factors vary across the different types of applications for innovation fields. Overall, the strategic orientation and external environment have a strong influence on the intended innovation field applications and proficiency, while organizational context only play a minor role. Furthermore, the findings substantiate the use of different types of applications for innovation fields in the front-end of innovation.
This study contributes to theory by creating a research framework linking perceived contextual factors to intended innovation field applications and proficiency. Finally, this dissertation delivers a comprehensive description of innovation field applications. The findings enhance the existing body of knowledge regarding innovation research, specifically regarding the front-end of innovation and innovation fields as well as organizational learning. Besides the advancement of scientific knowledge, managerial implications are drawn for the application of innovation fields in a corporate context.
