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Globalization is altering the international economic environment. To remain competitive and
gain future competitive advantage, corporations need to operate successfully in an
international context. Exploiting the potential offered by the increasingly global economy
requires the effective capture of markets. Although the world economy is becoming
globalized, some international markets continue to have high entry barriers and are thus
closing themselves off to foreign companies. These barriers impede access to these markets
and thus hamper corporations from adequately exploiting them. However, corporations
should by no means allow these markets to lie fallow since this would deprive them of the
possibility to participate in prospective growth markets. Corporations must consequently
promote adequate internationalization and engage in market exploitation strategies to remain
successful in an internationally competitive environment.
It is the aim of this research to support corporations within the processes of
internationalization and market exploitation. Therefore, the research explicitly focuses on
developing an encompassing model that supports corporations in identifying markets, which,
in order to be exploited effectively, require local production activities. Typically, this entails
markets that show foreclosure tendencies. A decision-making process model for corporations’
internationalization and market exploitation strategies structured in different phases is
developed, and relevant influencing factors are compiled and assigned to the appropriate
phases. The process model, which aims to enable corporations to follow a structured
internationalization and market exploitation approach by analyzing the most decisive
influencing factors at respective process phases, is thereby targeted at empowering
corporations to adequately exploit the potential the globalizing world economy offers. The aim
of this research is thus to develop a comprehensive decision-making process model to effectively support corporations during the process of internationalization.
While there is a great sense of urgency in the scientific community to act now in order to slow the imminent negative effects of global warming, most organizations continue to run their operations as though the external context has not changed significantly. For the banking sector, in particular not much research has been conducted in the area of their strategic engagement with climate change (CC), despite the fact that the engagement of this sector is crucial for the transition to a low-carbon economy. This is why this thesis focuses on the banking sector. Through an exploratory comparative case study of four banks, this thesis investigates mechanisms that have led to, or have been prevented from, the integration of climate change in the respective bank’s corporate strategies. In particular, it answers the following questions: How are banks interpreting climate change in their organizational context? To what degree does the initial individual interpretation influence the attentional distribution through structures and communication of the issue internally? Can this explain the variance in observed strategic choices? In order to answer those questions, a multi-level analysis was conducted using three different theoretical
perspectives: the macro, meso and micro.
1. The macro lens, grounded in institutional theory, is important in order to generate understanding about the perception of current institutional pressures possibly influencing corporate responses.
2. The meso lens, grounded in the Attention Based View of the Firm, serves to analyze how attention structures inside the banks influence the distribution of attention towards the topic and influence the degree of integrating climate change-related aspects across the organization.
3. The micro lens, based on the concept of moral intensity (Jones, 1991), serves as an alternative interpretation model to explore how managers make sense of climate change as individuals. Further, the concept of “issue selling” investigates what
language managers use to generate attention regarding climate change while using different attentional structures explored through the meso lens. The findings are based on four case studies of banks located in Europe, each of which show a different degree of climate change integration in their corporate strategy. The case studies drew upon field research including 23 semi-structured interviews with senior managers and members of the executive teams from those four banks, six interviews with
stakeholders and a comprehensive analysis of publicly available corporate documents, company-related media releases, videos and further interviews, but also confidential corporate material that was made available to me.
Through analysis of the data, the following findings can be made:
Most banks perceive climate change in terms of pressure: coercive pressure from clients, very limited pressure from regulators in the area of risk and as mimetic pressure to respond. Some banks, however, also perceive climate change to be a moral issue that demands their contribution to act. In those banks, climate change is regarded as a morally intense issue — this term being defined as a commonly accepted phenomenon with extreme consequences for the future of the society they are embedded in and that they serve. One bank mainly had a scientific view on climate change as a human-induced natural phenomenon. Depending on these first interpretations, the findings suggest that different languages are deployed to further distribute the issue across the organization. In the case of scientific and institutional interpretations, the main language used to sell the issue inside the organization and to justify its incorporation as part of strategy was economic. climate change was translated into financial risk, business opportunity or a potential for cost reduction. Banks that mainly interpreted climate change as a moral imperative to act, communicated this issue differently. They proffered moral arguments that were grounded in the organization’s mission to serve society and based their strategic engagement on this mission. Economic arguments were only deployed at the stage of operationalization of climate change. These different languages influenced the arenas where conversations linked to climate change took place and how widely attention was subsequently distributed across the organization. In the case of a scientific language, climate change was not incorporated into strategy and remained as a topic of general interest, managed by the corporate social responsibility (CSR) function. In the case of an economic language, climate change was strictly contained to a few of already existing governance channels and sometimes even ignored entirely. No further attention to the issue within the companies could be observed. Strategic engagement and change were strictly related to fields where economic impact could be generated at the lowest transaction cost possible. In the instances where moral language was used within governance channels, conversation yielded a different level of engagement. In these cases, governance structures provided a platform for generating a common and more holistic understanding of the phenomenon and its impacts. The attentional engagement with the complexity of the issue grew across the organization and led to creation of new governance communication channels to help address emerging issues. As a result, the strategic integration of climate change was more holistic and comprehensive. The thesis makes theoretical contributions to institutional theory, Attention Based View of the Firm, the issue selling literature and Governance Ethics. Its results also have important implications for practice.
Technology entrepreneurship is on the rise around the world. In the quest for change, comparative advantage, innovation creation and socioeconomic progress, a turn to entrepreneurial solutions to persistent developmental challenges has provided a powerful and captivating alternative to past solution approaches. As a consequence, innovation clusters have mushroomed, and an enthusiasm for entrepreneurial activity has caught the attention of many in localities as diverse as Kenya’s Silicon Savannah, Nigeria’s Yabacoon Valley, South Africa’s Silicon Cape, Chile’s Chilecon Valley and Germany’s Silicon Allee, to mention just a few. Yet despite this new, vibrant entrepreneurial activity that continuous to nourish a global wave of excitement, we know little about how technology entrepreneurship is actually performed in these disparate places. This doctoral thesis sought to fill this gap by taking a look “behind the scenes” of one of the most prominent innovation clusters in Africa — Kenya’s information and communications technology (ICT) sector. In this empirical setting, industry participants were in the midst of actively negotiating and rationalizing how technology entrepreneurship needs to work to make it a success, to unlock the benefits of a knowledge economy for Kenya and to carve out a space in the global innovation landscape for innovations made in Africa. Three interconnected academic papers form the core of this thesis. The first paper provides a detailed illustration of the local and global prescriptions that influence entrepreneurial action in Kenya’s ICT sector and inspired the conceptualization of a dynamic process model of globalization. The second paper offers a fine-grained view into the work realities of Kenyans and the generation of the multidimensional work portfolios across which workers diversify their activities to achieve economic survival, create wealth and exert agency for change. The third paper is a theoretical piece that theorizes the process of nonnative organizational forms diffusing and becoming adopted in new organizational environments. All in all, the thesis can be seen as an attempt to study the complexities that reign in African economies through an organizational lens and thus to foster a global organizational scholarship research agenda and discourse that can be of benefit to the many rather than just the few.
Confidence judgments and decision making are part of everyday life. In an ideal world, people would assess their skills and knowledge accurately and base their decisions only on rational deliberations. Yet, this is often not the case. Confidence judgments in own skills or performance are often biased (e.g., Dunning, 2011; Moore & Healy, 2008; Moore & Schatz, 2017; Sanchez & Dunning, 2018; Pikulina, Renneboog, & Tobler, 2017; Michailova & Schmidt, 2016). Also, people tend to deviate from rational decision strategies (e.g., Achtziger & Alós-Ferrer, 2014; Alós-Ferrer, Hügelschäfer, & Li, 2016, 2017; Charness, Karni, & Levin, 2010; Erev, Shimonovich, Schurr, & Hertwig, 2008; Fiedler, Brinkmann, Betsch, & Wild, 2000; Tschan et al., 2009). Therefore, the research aim of the present dissertation was twofold. In the first chapter of the present dissertation I investigated confidence judgments in own skills and the confidence bias, the processes underlying these confidence judgments, and the influences of gender and monetary incentive on confidence judgments. The second aim was to investigate the influence of goal and implementation intentions on rational decision making and how this influence is reflected in the neural correlate of reinforcement learning.
A common finding in research on confidence judgments is the confidence bias (e.g. Moore & Schatz, 2017; Moore & Healy, 2008; Pikulina et al., 2017; Sanchez & Dunning, 2018; Lebreton et al., 2018). In most cases, the confidence bias reflects overconfidence, which means that people’s subjective confidence exceeds their actual ability or performance (Fischhoff, Slovic, & Lichtenstein, 1977). In some cases, there is also evidence for underconfidence, suggesting that people underestimate their abilities (Kruger & Dunning, 1999; Kruger & Burrus, 2004). Gender is an important predictor of the confidence bias. Underconfidence is more prevalent in females, whereas males often display overconfidence (e.g., Barber & Odean, 2001; Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, 2014; Niederle & Vesterlund, 2007). In Study 1, I investigated the processes underlying confidence judgments and the confidence bias by means of response times, and I examined potential gender differences.
Participants answered general knowledge questions and judged their confidence on the correctness of each answer. Participants had overall a good sense of whether their answer was correct or incorrect. This was reflected by higher confidence judgments on correct answers compared to incorrect ones. The analysis of response times on the confidence judgments revealed that male participants who took longer to judge their confidence were made more accurate judgments than males who responded quickly. This relationship was not found for females. In Study 2, half of the participants received a monetary incentive for good performance in the general knowledge test. The monetary incentive for performance increased the time invested in both tasks (the knowledge questions and the confidence judgments). However, this increased effort did not lead to better performance on the knowledge questions, nor did it yield more accurate confidence judgments. The response times suggested that males who invested more time in the confidence judgments were more accurate (as in Study 1). However, the opposite was true for females. The more time females invested in their judgment the more underconfident they were. This influence of the response time on the confidence bias was only found for incentivized participants. In Study 3, the accuracy of the confidence judgment was incentivized. Contrary to the expectations, the monetary incentive did not reduce the confidence bias but led both males and females to be overconfident. In this study, the response time on the confidence judgment did not predict the confidence bias. On the whole, the results demonstrate that (a) the processes of confidence judgments differ between females and males, and (b) the effectiveness of monetary incentives for improving the accuracy of confidence judgments depends strongly on the incentive being contingent on the performance in the task at hand.
The second chapter of the present dissertation investigated the influence of goal and implementation intentions (P. M. Gollwitzer, 1999) on rational decision making (see also Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, 2017). The impact of intentions was examined by the neural correlate of reinforcement learning, i.e. the feedback-related negativity (FRN; Holroyd & Coles, 2002). Participants worked on a probability updating task in which the optimal strategy to maximize the expected payoff was to follow Bayes’ rule by integrating new information with prior probabilities (Bayes & Price, 1763). The optimal decision rule conflicted with a simpler suboptimal decision strategy, i.e. the reinforcement heuristic (see Achtziger & Alós-Ferrer, 2014; Charness & Levin, 2005). The goal and implementation intention manipulation was proposed to control the automatic process of the reinforcement heuristic and hence foster rational decision making. The results showed that the goal intention and the implementation intention had no influence on the number of reinforcement errors (in contrast to the findings of Hügelschäfer & Achtziger, 2017). However, both, the goal and implementation intentions increased the amplitude of the FRN which, on the neural level, indicated a stronger reliance on the reinforcement heuristic than in the control group. The findings shed some light on the impact of goal and implementation intentions on rational decision making. They demonstrate that careful consideration of the use of intentions as an intervention for improved decision making is required to avoid undesired side-effects. Taken together, the present dissertation provided new insights into the processes underlying confidence judgments, the confidence bias, rational decision making, and its neural correlates.
Cross-sectoral hybridization as a strategy to turn institutional voids into opportunity spaces
(2017)
Organizations that aim at delivering essential goods and services to low-income populations a the base of the pyramid increasingly blend the social welfare and the commercial logics in an effort to create financially sustainable solutions to social problems. Scholars have portrayed these cross-sectoral hybrid organizations as particularly agentic and resilient in institutionally complex settings, highlighting their ability to turn institutional voids into opportunity spaces. At the same time, the reconciliation of two antagonistic goals, namely poverty alleviation and financial value creation, as well as the multiple institutional voids that hybrid organizations face at the base of the pyramid (BoP) expose them to severe tensions. By investigating eight hybrid organizations in four countries, namely Colombia, Mexico, Kenya and South Africa, the present study contributes to a better understanding of cross-sectoral hybrid organizations in BoP settings in two ways. First, it shows that hybrid organizations not only face tensions between sector logics, but also between formal and informal, as well as between “Western-style” and “local style” strategic action fields. In settings which do not effectively provide guidance on the prioritization of social vs. financial objectives, these institutional voids manifest as tensions over goals and tensions over means in hybrid organizations.
Second, the study sheds light on how field-level dynamics influence the ability of hybrid organizations to strategically employ factors that spur legitimacy advantages in an effort to turn institutional voids into opportunity spaces. Two different scenarios have been identified. One scenario refers to Colombia, Mexico and Kenya, which have been classified as fields that don’t effectively enforce a dominant sector logic concerning the legitimate way that health services should be provided to low-income populations. The present study has shown that in such fields, an organization’s logic of origin as well as the personal background of founders are factors that may spur legitimacy advantages in hybrid organizations. In effect, organizations which strategically employ these factors can select more freely from competing logics and ultimately overcome the prevailing tensions. This resonates with previous research, which has suggested that in fields with a dominant logic, hybrid organizations may take advantage of legitimacy advantages if their logic of origin corresponds to the dominant logic at the field level (Pache and Santos, 2012). However, the present study suggests that the factors leading to legitimacy advantages are more complex in fields with no effective dominant logic regarding social service provision. Here, the dominant logics among funding organizations, possible legitimacy spill-over effects from other market players, as well as the specifications of the commercial and the social welfare logics become important sources of possible legitimacy advantages. However, the study suggests that an organization’s ability to employ them strategically is dependent on their time of founding and their size.
In addition to these findings, the study also provides insights on cross-sectoral hybridization in fields with a weakly enforced dominant logic, which is the second scenario that has been identified in South Africa. In particular, the study suggests that in such settings, hybrid organizations are more restricted to freely draw from competing logics, given that they face effective, normative imperatives about the goals they should pursue. However, the empirical investigation also indicates that an organization’s resource dependence structure is more influential than the encountered normative claims of audiences in health fields at the BoP. Further research is needed to refine these insights and explore cross-sectoral hybridization in social service provision fields in contexts of a weakly enforced dominant logic.
Based on these findings, the author derives a range of practical recommendations that may themselves be interpreted as paradoxical. As the empirical study suggests, blended value creating hybrid organizations in Colombia, Mexico and Kenya currently face legitimacy
advantages when originating from a commercial origin. The researcher is thus, on the one hand, inclined to recommend them to position themselves as commercially oriented organizations as to take advantage of the legitimacy advantages that the commercial logic currently entails. On the other hand, she cautions actors in the field of blended value creation, particularly funding entities, not to neglect the actual role of nonprofit organizations. The establishment of (health) markets that provide low-income populations in developing and emerging economies with affordable, high-quality products and services is likely to require significant unprofitable efforts. Finally, hybrid organizations in South Africa need to be more careful when adopting structures or practices from the commercial logic given the low legitimacy that this logic has in the health market at the BoP. There, organizations need to thoroughly analyze the institutional claims in the specific context of post-Apartheid South Africa.
Die Digitalisierung schreitet voran und verändert unsere Welt. Sie bietet unzählige neue Chancen und Möglichkeiten aber sicherlich genauso viele Risiken und Herausforderungen. In Bezug auf Unternehmen sind diese Chancen und Risiken der Digitalisierung jedoch sehr ungleich zwischen kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) und Großkonzernen zu Ungunsten der KMU verteilt. Gleichzeitig besitzen KMU zudem diverse Nachteile im Bereich der Ressourcenausstattung im Vergleich zu Großkonzernen (Demary u. a. 2016). In Deutschland ist diese Tatsache deswegen von immenser Bedeutung, da mehr als 99% aller Unternehmen der Klasse der KMU angehören und fast zwei Drittel aller Erwerbstätigen innerhalb eines KMU beschäftigt sind (Statistisches Bundesamt 2016a). KMU sind somit zentral für die wirtschaftliche Prosperität Deutschlands.
Die Bundes- und Landesregierungen haben in diesem Zusammenhang beschlossen, die KMU bei der unternehmensinternen Digitalisierung zu unterstützen und nicht alleinig die Kräfte des freien Marktes über den Unternehmenserfolg entscheiden zu lassen.
Basierend auf dem Governancekonzept (Bevir 2011; Stoker 1998) bietet diese Arbeit dann Einblicke in die politischen Prozesse, Inhalte und die Resultate politischen Handelns (Anheier 2013) im Zusammenhang mit der unternehmensexternen Unterstützung der Digitalisierung in KMU.
Die Erkenntnisse basieren zum einen auf inhaltsanalytischen Auswertungen der digitalen Agenden Deutschlands (Bundeskanzleramt und Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft 2016), Baden-Württembergs (Ministerium für Inneres, Digitalisierung und Migration des Landes Baden-Württemberg 2017) und Bayerns (Bayrisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie 2015) sowie auf Primärdaten einer Online-Befragung von KMU in Baden-Württemberg und Bayern.
So kann gezeigt werden, dass an den digitalpolitischen Governanceinstrumenten der Bundes- und Landesregierungen neben staatlichen auch mannigfaltige nichtstaatliche Akteure beteiligt sind. Länderübergreifend lassen sich diese Governanceinstrumente den Bereichen Infrastruktur, Bildung, Ordnungs- und Rechtsrahmen, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft zuordnen, wobei die befragten KMU den Bereichen Infrastruktur und Ordnungs- und Rechtsrahmen eine herausgehobene Stellung in Bezug auf die Relevanz für ihr Unternehmen beimessen. In diesem Zusammenhang bewerten die KMU insbesondere den flächendeckenden Breitbandausbau sowie die Verbesserung der Cybersicherheit und Cyberabwehr als relevant für den Erfolg ihres Unternehmens.
Jedoch kann über clusteranalytische Verfahren auch gezeigt werden, dass teils erhebliche strukturelle Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Relevanzbewertung der Governancebereiche und Instrumente vorliegen.
Zudem kann diese Arbeit auf Basis einer theoretisch, interdisziplinären Synthese politik- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Theoriestränge unter dem Dach des Governancekonzeptes und anschließender Verwendung regressionsanalytischer Verfahren einen ersten Hinweis darauf geben, dass die Relevanzbewertung unternehmensexterner digitalpolitischer Governanceinstrumente innerhalb deutscher KMU teils maßgeblich von der Ausgestaltung der unternehmensinternen Wertschöpfungskette der Unternehmen abhängt.
Für diese Synthese ist auf politikwissenschaftlicher Seite die Governanceordnung nach Anheier (2013) maßgebend, wobei im Bereich der Wirtschaftswissenschaften auf die Transaktionkostentheorie (Coase 1937; Williamson 1975; Williamson 1985; Williamson 1996), den Resource-Based View (Barney 1991; Penrose 1959; Wernerfelt 1984), den Market-Based View (Porter 1979; Porter 1980; Porter 1985) sowie die Resource-Dependence Theory (Pfeffer und Salancik 1978; Pfeffer und Salancik 2003; Selznick 1949) zurückgegriffen wird.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, inwieweit die Organisationskultur Einfluss auf die Externalisierung impliziten Wissens hat. In einem ersten Schritt wird eine Definition des Begriffes Wissen im wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Kontext vorgenommen. Weiterhin wird der Stellenwert, den Wissensmanagement in Organisationen hat, umrissen. Es werden die bekanntesten Wissensmanagement-Modelle für Organisationen vorgestellt.
Anhand des Organisationskulturmodells von Edgar Schein wird ein Untersuchungsleitfaden erstellt, der die Aspekte Artefakte, kommunizierte Organisationswerte und darunter liegende Basisannahmen miteinbezieht. Für die Untersuchung wird eine qualitative Fallstudienvorgehensweise gewählt. Ein teilstrukturierter Interviewleitfaden gewährleistet eine sowohl deduktive als auch induktive Theoriengenerierung.
Für die Arbeit werden vier verschiedene Organisationen untersucht. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf den individuellen Fallstudien. Ein direkter Vergleich zwischen den Organisationen ist nur bedingt möglich, da die Organisationen sehr unterschiedliche Geschäftsmodelle und Branchen- und Marktausrichtungen aufweisen.
Der Schwerpunkt der einzelnen Fallstudien liegt in der Herausarbeitung der jeweiligen vorhandenen Organisationskulturelemente und ihres Einflusses auf die Externalisierung impliziten Wissens. Für alle vier Organisationen werden Empfehlungen erstellt.
Alle vier Organisationen werden zusätzlich in vier theoretischen Organisationskulturmodellen verortet. Dabei werden jeweils die Einflüsse der Aspekte der vier unterschiedlichen Kulturmodelle auf die Externalisierung von Erfahrungswissen diskutiert.
Erste Schlüsse, welche Elemente der Organisationskultur die Externalisierung fördern oder behindern können, werden vorgestellt. Ein Ausblick über den zukünftigen Stellenwert von implizitem Wissen für Organisationen bildet den Abschluss der Arbeit.
Den Künsten wird spätestens seit der Renaissance eine besondere Vertrautheit mit der Welt zugesprochen; ein Wissen, das auf Gefühl, eine tiefe Empfindsamkeit und einen persönlichen Weltbezug zurückgeht. Ihre Erfahrung und ihre Sicht der Dinge verstehen sie in Materialien, Objekten, Musik und performativen Gesten zu transportieren und zu speichern. Künstlerische Praktiken und Produktionsformen verbinden darüber hinaus Wissen mit Tätigkeit. Auf dieser Grundlage wird ihnen in unterschiedlichen Bildungskontexten eine besondere Wirkung hinsichtlich personaler und interpersonaler Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten zugesprochen. Sie haben daher sowohl im Kontext handlungsorientierter Managementtheorien, allgemein- und zivilgesellschaftlicher Bildungskonzepte als auch in Bezug auf die Ausbildung von Forschungskompetenzen im wissenschaftlichen Umfeld Konjunktur.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich unter diesen Gesichtspunkten mit der Vermittlung künstlerischer Episteme an Hochschulen und Universitäten. Dabei werden Hochschulprogramme in den Blick genommen, welche Kunst- und Design-Praktiken in Lehrformate jenseits künstlerischer Ausbildungsgänge integrieren. So wird insbesondere gefragt, auf welche Weise sich ökonomische und betriebswirtschaftliche Fachdiskurse Konzepte künstlerischer Wissensproduktion aneignen und mit welchen Begründungen und Praktiken der Transfer geschieht. Nicht zufällig rücken gerade in Zeiten des Kreativimperativs künstlerische und damit Individuum-bezogene Wissensmodelle in den Fokus von Hochschulbildung. Die dazugehörigen Formate, Theorien und Vermittlungsformen sind jedoch vielfältig. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob hier tatsächlich neue Ausbildungskonzepte zum Einsatz kommen oder ob sich lediglich die Strategien verändert haben, durch welche ökonomisches Handeln und Führung gerechtfertigt werden. Die Untersuchung legt das Augenmerk dabei nicht nur auf Didaktik und Rhetorik, sondern auch auf die Untersuchung sozialer Räume, als welche Hochschulen und Universitäten begriffen werden.
Today, transportation is a central element of a society’s welfare in terms of economic, political and social success. It creates jobs, allows international cooperation between firms and countries, contributes to firms’ productivity, and enables social participation and interaction. It has become an essential intermediate. Consequently, changes in transportation affect many more sectors. Therefore, transportation of goods and persons has been growing immensely within the past decades. Against this background, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) gain importance in improving and changing transport. Technology can cover all modes (e.g. advanced driving systems, cooperative vehicle systems as vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, or mobile and multimodal information and ticketing systems). The deployment of ITS substantially changes our transportation system. These changes concern several elements and stakeholders of mobility, e.g. infrastructure, technology, users, providers, public institutions, or regulatory frameworks. Up to now, research on ITS strongly focused on technical aspects, i.e. technical development and feasibility. However, these aspects can only represent part of a comprehensive analysis of ITS. This dissertation gives systematic analysis of elements that in the end have a strong impact on the successful market introduction of ITS. It discusses different aspects of intelligent transportation systems providing a view on the framework conditions for intelligent transportation systems. This work, hereby, focuses on passenger transportation. It shows that the successful deployment of ITS requires multiple actors. Each of them can positively or negatively influence the success of ITS-deployment. This work specifically analyses the investment decisions of public authorities on the example of socio-economic cost-benefit analysis, the users’ willingness to accept a multimodal information and ticketing system and its impact on modal choice, and finally the municipalities’ role in providing mobility for specific user groups on the example of immigrants showing the potential and limitations of ITS. The work picks up research questions that have not been addressed before and contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay of ITS as a technology and the society.
Das Lobbying von Interessengruppen zu europäischen Gesetzeshaben ist ein zentrales Untersuchungsfeld politikwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Im Mittelpunkt der Forschung stehen hierbei Fragen nach dem Zugang und Einfluss von Interessengruppen auf europäische Entscheidungsprozesse, aber auch nach den angewendeten Strategien und Taktiken im Lobbyingprozess. Die Auswahl der Strategien und Taktiken, die Interessengruppen in politischen Entscheidungsprozessen anwenden, wird durch verschiedene Einflussfaktoren bestimmt. Ein relevanter Kontextfaktor ist hierbei die Salienz der Gesetzesvorhaben oder Issues, zu denen Interessengruppen Lobbyarbeit betreiben. Die Annahme, dass die Salienz von Themen oder Gesetzesvorhaben einen Einfluss auf verwendete Strategien und Taktiken hat, wurde in verschiedenen Studien untersucht. Gewonnene Ergebnisse weisen allerdings in verschiedene Richtungen und sind widersprüchlich.
Diese Arbeit knüpft so an die bestehende Forschung an und untersucht unter Berücksichtigung des Lobbykontextes das Lobbying von deutschen Interessengruppen im Mehrebenensystem der EU bei Gesetzesvorhaben mit einem großen bzw. geringem Grad an Mediensalienz. Ziel der Arbeit ist es zu erfassen, inwiefern die Mediensalienz eines europäischen Gesetzesvorhabens das Vorgehen und die Aktivitäten von Interessengruppen im Lobbying beeinflusst. Daraus ergibt sich folgende leitende Fragestellung der Arbeit: Wie agieren Interessengruppen bei europäischen Gesetzesvorhaben mit einem großen bzw. geringen Grad an Mediensalienz und welchen Einfluss hat die Mediensalienz auf verwendete Lobbyingstrategien und Taktiken von Organisationen?
Die Fragestellung wird in dieser Arbeit aus einer deutschen Perspektive heraus untersucht. Der Untersuchungsgegenstand wurde im Rahmen eines Fallstudiendesigns bearbeitet. Hierbei wurden vier Fälle mit einem unterschiedlichen Grad an Mediensalienz ausgewählt. Die Mediensalienz wurde im Rahmen einer Medienanalyse deutscher Zeitungen (Süddeutsche Zeitung und Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) ermittelt. Bei den untersuchten Fällen handelt es sich um die Verordnungsvorschläge zur (1) EU-Datenschutzgrundverordnung, (2) Geoblocking-Verordnung, (3) Dublin-IV-Verordnung sowie (4) EU-Düngemittelverordnung, die jeweils einen unterschiedlichen Grad an Mediensalienz besitzen. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte im Rahmen von 31 Experteninterviews mit ausgewählten deutschen Interessengruppen, die in diesen vier Fällen aktiv waren. Zusätzliche Dokumente, wie Stellungnahmen, Positionspapiere oder Pressemitteilungen wurden hinzugezogen und im Rahmen einer Dokumentenanalyse ausgewertet. Theoretisch eingebettet ist die Arbeit in den tauschtheoretischen Ansatz von Berkhout (2010). Dieser fasst die Lobbyingaktivitäten von Interessengruppen als Teil der Tauschbeziehungen von Interessengruppen mit politischen Entscheidungsträgern, den Medien sowie Mitgliedern und Unterstützern. Gleichzeitig berücksichtigt er in seinem Ansatz Kontextfaktoren und -bedingungen, die diese Tauschbeziehungen bzw. Aktivitäten beeinflussen.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigten, dass die Mediensalienz in den untersuchten Fällen insbesondere bei der Beteiligung der Mitglieder und Unterstützer an den politischen Aktivitäten, bei der Medienarbeit und auch bei der Formulierung von Kommunikationsbotschaften gegenüber politischen Entscheidungs-trägern eine Rolle spielen kann. Allerdings wurde im Verlauf der Arbeit deutlich, dass das Konzept der Mediensalienz erweitert werden muss, um die Aktivitäten von Interessengruppen besser erklären zu können. Hierbei stellten sich die konzeptuellen Überlegungen von Kiousis (2004) als guter Ansatz heraus. Dieser weist der Mediensalienz sowohl externe (Aufmerksamkeit, die ein Thema in den Medien hat sowie Platzierung von Themen) als auch eine interne (Valenz der Berichterstattung) Dimension zu. So zeigte sich in den untersuchten Fällen beispielsweise, dass für Wirtschaftsverbände nicht nur die Aufmerksamkeit, die ein Thema in den Medien genießt für die Aktivitäten von Relevanz ist, sondern auch wie das Thema in den Medien dargestellt wird und inwiefern Darstellungen eigene Positionen und Interessen unterstützen. Darüber hinaus zeigte die Arbeit, dass die Fachmedien eine zentrale Rolle für Interessengruppen im EU-Lobbying spielen. Auf Grundlage der gewonnenen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wurde der theoretische Analyserahmen von Berkhout (2010) zu den politischen Aktivitäten von Interessengruppen mit den eigenen Mitgliedern und Unterstützern, mit politischen Entscheidungs-trägern und den Medien sowie gegenüber den Fachmedien durch Annahmen erweitert. Die Arbeit suchte so einen Beitrag zur Forschung zur europäischen Interessenvertretung sowie zur Theoriebildung in diesem Bereich zu leisten.
